1. “Protagorean relativism”

1.1. Protagoras’ thesis:

“Man is the measure of all things.”

1.1.1.Plato’s understanding of Protagoras’ position

In the Theaetetus, Plato takes Protagoras to be claiming that each individual constitutes a standard or measure of what is true and what is false.

1.1.2. Plato’s development of Protagoras position for him

Objective truth

Self-reflexivity

The nature of truth

Conventionalism

There are no independent or objective moral standards. Instead, morality is created by people. In other words, humans, either individually or collectively, are the ultimate measure of what is right and wrong.

2.1.1.Ethical Subjectivism:

(Please give examples in the real life to explain "Ethical Subjectivism.

There are two kinds of ethical subjectivism, one example for each:)

2.1.1.1.Individual people create their own morality. There are no objective moral truths—only individual’s opinions or preferences.

2.1.1.2.Subjectivism is one of the weakest moral theories. It does not provide a correct explanation for why certain actions are wrong.

2.1.2.Cultural Relativism:

2.1.2.1.Standards of right and wrong are created by groups of people. They are societal norms. Public opinion determines what is right and wrong. There are no universal moral standards that hold for all people in all cultures, only different cultural customs.

2.1.2.2.If all moral values are nothing more than cultural customs, then there are no legitimate grounds for criticizing the moral practices of other cultures.

2.1.2.3.The relativist thesis can be restated in terms of culture and concrete moralities: there is no basis for holding the concrete morality of any culture to be superior to that of any other.

　

Anarchism

1. The Dao of Chuang Tzu

1.1 The Ethical view of Daoism

1.1.1. What is good? What is nature?

1.1.2 The laws of nature and moral action

1.1.3. A perfect action and nature

1.2. Daoist’s Dao

1.2.1. Dao and Being;

1.2.2. Dao and the Nameless;

1.2.3. Dao and the Universe